Using the model
Symbols, assumptions and limitations
This model assumes constant specific heat and no phase change. The calculator uses positive heat and temperature-change magnitudes; assign signs separately according to whether energy enters or leaves the system. Temperature differences may be expressed in K or °C.
Worked examples
See the method in practice
Heating water
Heating 2.0 kg of water by 5.0 °C with c = 4186 J/(kg·K) requires 41,860 J.
Finding specific heat
Rearrange to c = Q/(mΔT) when heat, mass, and temperature change are known.
Questions
Frequently asked
Can ΔT use degrees Celsius?
Yes. A temperature interval has the same numerical value in kelvins and degrees Celsius.
Does this include melting or boiling?
No. Phase changes require latent heat, Q = mL, and should be calculated separately.
Sources & review
Equations and examples are checked against the references below. Results are educational and should be independently verified for safety-critical work.
OpenStax Physics — heat and specific heatWritten by the STEM Hub editorial team · Reviewed August 11, 2026 · Review methodology